Corporate Governance In Public Sector Undertakings In India Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Today, in many industrialized nations, policy makers, economists, corporate executives and academicians are debating over the issues of corporate governance. The discussion focuses on the policy formulation and corporate structure by board of directors to improve executive behaviour and management oversight. According to literature, corporate governance refers to the set of mechanisms that influence the decisions made by managers when there is a separation of management and control. The monitoring mechanisms can be board of directors, institutional shareholders and operation of the market for corporate control. Recently, global corporate governance debate has grown manifold with political, social, emotional and evolutionary forces fuelling the controversy. Corporate governance: A prominent issue in global perspective In the past two decades, corporate governance has emerged as a crucial issue in the wake of worldwide wave of privatization and a series of global corporate failures and scandals. In order to understand the relevance of corporate governance in public sector organizations, the historical roots of corporate governance and the rising importance are worth discussing in detail. The world-wide privatization wave The privatization wave started in the UK, which was responsible for 58% of OECD and 90% of European Community privatization proceeds in 1991. Since then, privatization has been an important phenomenon in Latin America, Western Europe, Asia and the former Soviet block. With privatization, issues regarding ownership and control of newly privatized corporations also grew to a large extent . In certain countries, part of the agenda was to create Shareholder Democracy (Biais and Perotti, 2002) while other countries were more biased towards larger shareholders and their con cerns. The rise of governance issues was the next step where the state assumed the new role of public shareholder in private corporations and led to the emergence of corporate governance practices worldwide. The protection of small shareholders was another significant aspect as stock markets gained importance and frequent public offerings were made diluting the ownership and control. Mergers and takeovers There was an era of massive MAs taking place as a consequence of globalisation and next came a hostile takeover wave first in USA in the 1980s and then in Europe in the 1990s (Marco Becht, Patrick Bolton, Ailsa RÃ ¶ell, August 2005). These hostile takeovers counter-attacked the corporate policies and revolutionised the way regulation of domestic and international deals is carried out. Deregulation and capital market integration During the 1990s, a lot of integration activities started taking place in the global capital markets as the equity capital grew particularly in Eastern Europe, Asia and other emerging markets. This helped in rekindling the interest in regulation and governance issues. Scandals and failures at major corporations Many scandals and failures have started surfacing on a global platform. The reasons for most of them can be attributed to accounting irregularities through which firms started floating their earnings. Many of these failures get highlighted during downturns and recessions. India: Historical roots of public sector At the time of independence, India was left with high income disparities, poor infrastructure scenario and insufficient technological resources. There was an acute requirement for widespread development in fields like telecommunication, power, steel etc. and improvement in countrys infrastructure. However, private sector was not encouraged to enter such fields since they required huge investment outlays with low and delayed returns. Since private sector had to part with its commercial interest, public sector came into being. However, with time the government proved inefficient in managing the public sector enterprises in various fields and de-licensing and deregulation eventually followed. Nevertheless, public sector has transformed itself when it emerged least affected during the credit crisis phase. The market capitalisation of the listed PSUs also nearly doubled over the last four years signifying the success of disinvestment process. Corporate Governance in Public Sector Over the past few years, government has expressed strong desire to improve the transparency and accountability levels within PSUs. For all unlisted PSUs, the corporate governance norms meant for Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) were made mandatory. The government now wants to focus on their implementation in order to tackle key issues like PSUs failing to comply with clause 49 of SEBI listing agreement, autonomy of PSUs etc. Issue 1: Current Standard of corporate governance in PSUs vis-Ã  -vis private sector Ideally PSUs should lead the way by setting in right policies for accountability and transparency in the corporate governance structure rather than following the private sector. To start with, Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna PSUs should implement this by adopting the voluntary guidelines set by MCA. Many agencies like Central Vigilance Commission, the Public Enterprises Selection Board, the Department of Public Enterprises, and the Standing Conference of Public Enterprises have been discussing the mechanisms for implementing reforms in corporate governance structures in PSUs. Currently, it has been made mandatory for all CPSEs to follow the corporate governance guidelines formulated by Department of Public Enterprises. Private sector has projected an ongoing quest to improve their policies and generally score over public sector in their functioning and disclosure norms. Moving ahead, government should also formulate well defined strategy for each PSU to ensure its effici ent functioning and propose stringent corporate governance practices for the unlisted PSUs as well. Issue 2: Balancing commercial and managerial autonomy Well established theory says there is high positive correlation between autonomy and accountability. Same stands true for autonomy and enterprise performance as well. Indian government has granted various levels of autonomy to its public sector enterprises. However, the formal control by government is highly extensive over various areas of activities of PSUs strangling their decision making, limiting their autonomy and hence, impairing their day-to-day performance. Currently it is very important to delink managerial autonomy with board composition as according to present norms, autonomy granted to PSUs is directly dependent on the number of non-executive members present in their board of directors. As PSUs are unable to fill up their vacancies of non-executive directors again due to government interference, these norms have resulted in a mockery of their autonomy. Again, PSUs should be kept immune from political and bureaucratic involvement in matters of executive compensatio n, approval of projects and performance management systems barring matters of national interest. Issue 3: PSU board structures and independent directors The government should bring in norms to appoint competent professionals as board members who have a good understanding of the business and the sector. Large shareholders should also be allowed to nominate their representatives to Board. Any political affiliation should be limited and board members powers should be made independent of the executive management. The non-executive directors on PSU boards play a vital role in its governance and designing strategic priorities and providing a risk oversight. Their selection is very crucial in these aspects and CMDs should be thoroughly consulted which currently doesnt happen. The process can be initiated by PESB by short-listing eligible candidates from the private sector and PSU boards and CMDs contributing in board succession planning. These directors should also be adequately compensated at par with their private sector counterparts Issue 4: Ensuring compliance with the SEBI Listing Agreement Many listed Navratna and Miniratna PSUs are lagging behing in complying with minimum requirements stated in Clause 49 of SEBI listing agreement (KPMG India June 2010). This directly hampers the future prospects of India Incorporated when the Ministry of Corporate Affairs is emphasizing strongly on the implementation of corporate governance guidelines. The corrective action can be to make proper disclosures within directors and corporate governance reports and ensuring accountability. Also implementation of corporate governance norms for CPSEs, both listed and unlisted, should be supervised consistently. Issue 5: Government as the Promoter The government needs to constantly monitor the performance of its Board of directors in cases where it acts as a promoter and a majority shareholder of the PSU. Without mitigating the independence and other powers of board of directors, it should clearly provide the strategic layout for tackling various issues. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the government should develop and issue an ownership policy that defines the overall objectives of state ownership, the states role in corporate governance of state-owned enterprises and how this policy is likely to be implemented.

Components of Gross Domestic Product Essay - 550 Words

Components of Gross Domestic Product (Essay Sample) Content: COMPONENTS OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTStudent NameUniversity Name Gross domestic product refers to the monetary value of the total end produce of goods and services in a given country during a particular period of time (Mankiw, Principles of Maroeconomics, 2012). GDP is usually computed on yearly basis. It constitutes of both private and public expenditure, government expenditure, investments and imports less goods brought from other countries into a given country (Mankiw, Principles of Maroeconomics, 2012). The four components of GDP are therefore; consumption, government expenditure, investments and net exports. When using the expenditure approach to compute GDP, its formula is usually expressed as follows: GDP = Consumption (C) + Government expenditure (G) + Investment (I) + Net exports (N). Consumption is the major constituent of GDP and comprises of the personal consumption expenditure items (Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 2012). These items are further divided into long-lasting goods, short-lived goods and services. Food, rent, electricity and medical expenses are examples of household consumption (Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 2012). The value of consumption is not affected by the value of imported items (Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 2012). In modern day world, consumption has gone up due to the increased cost of living in many parts of the world. To access quality medical care and descent housing today, one has to dig deeper into their pockets. Government expenditure refers to the expenses incurred by the government on the finished goods and services (Mankiw, Principles of Maroeconomics, 2012). Transfer payments such as welfare (social security) and unemployment payouts do not constitute government expenditure since they dont entail production of goods and services. Examples of government spending are; salaries and remunerations offered to public servants and officers, money spent to buy military weapons by government and any pub lic investment expenditure incurred by the government. Increase in the cost of these services offered to citizens by the government brings about an increase in government taxation. This leads to decreased disposable income for the citizens, hence no savings and investment which leads to poverty in the long run (Mankiw, Principles of Maroeconomics, 2012). Thus, government spending has a major effect on individual personal development and growth. Investment includes gross private domestic investment. It is divided into fixed assets and variations in business inventories (Mankiw, Principles of Maroeconomics, 2012). It comprises of the net private domestic investment (NPDI) and consumption of fixed capital. NPDI refers to part of the entire investment that which contributes to the prevailing inventory of structures and capital (Mankiw, Principles of Maroeconomics, 2012). Utilization of fixed capital constitutes loss in value and a provision for unplanned destruction to the state&...